Reason: law of similarity = mingling creates a less advances in society
Evidence: offspring of mixed heritage creates illness (anecdotal evidence)
Warrant: a prior belief in white supremacy (aka it is the natural law of things)
How does the Discourse Community Influence Warrants?
Warrants are justification for evidence; discourse communities provide an open door to pluck your justification from a specific niche that you want. Cherry pick, if you will.
John Tyler Morgan Rhetorical Triangle
Morgan Rhetorical Triangle
Claims that if African Americans are allowed to vote; complete and utter anarchy will ensue; further division among society; “unwelcome into the white family”
To be white = to be American
“Stay in yo lane”
Morgan is attempting to incite suspicious and panic with these claims of anarchy –> FEAR
–> This is an emotional appeal to the public, fear mongering.
Further Class Notes Regarding Hoffman and Readings
Most of the writers were white supremacists and aligned with the ideals of a naturalist plan for the races
Toulmen came up with an almost blueprint for how argument papers should be written in order to be considered for analysis – The Toulmen Method
Group Work for the Class Period (Workshop?)
Hoffman’s claim or thesis seems to be that intermixing the races is unnatural and scientifically inferior on both planes of the differing races; inferior physically and in every other way.
“On the basis of these observations, the conclusion is warranted, that the mixed race is physically the inferior of the white and pure black, and as a result of this inferior degree of vital power we meet with a lesser degree of resistance to disease and death among the mixed population, in contrast with the more favorable condition prevailing among the whites and pure blacks” (PvF p. 83)
Hoffman seems to circle back to this assertion that interbreeding the races will lead to inferiority among the offspring to such a degree that they are more vulnerable to death and disease and seem to lack basic hygiene to sustain healthy conditions such as their parents of pure white or pure white descent.
The unstated yet prevalent views in this passage are obviously that of white supremacists and naturalists; given that in the following paragraph on the same page (83) he states that the only reason the mulatto generation seems to have a higher intelligence level than that of pure black generations is because of “a consequence of the infusion of white blood” (PvF 84). Given that these beliefs are so heavily woven among the piece, I would stand to argue that this connects to the evidence by proving how intensely interwoven those beliefs were into the society at the time period.
Class Notes:
Intermixing is bad: Law of Similarities, that both races understood that intermingling was bad for both races involved, could even lead to their downfall. (His own assertion)
Prompt One: I suppose to a degree they do meet Swales’ criteria of a discourse community because they seem to cite several sources from the scientific community to prove their point (their extremely racist point, but their point none the less). One of Swales’ criteria is that a discourse community is yo have a broadly agreed set of public goals; the individuals taking part in The Mismeasure of Man seem to have an agreed set of goals: they seem to think that cranial size and shape dictate the measure of a man (intelligence and worth wise). They also seem to intercommunicate with one another, because otherwise how would the reading have been published without the authors being able to cite the resources they spoke to; this fits another Swales’ criteria for a discourse community.
Prompt Two: This particular discourse community published the novel The Mismeasure of Man in order to spread their information and findings. They are the sole members responsible for creating the reading AND publishing it, AND promoting it to the general public. The author wrote the novel with the dominating thought process being: the social and economic differences between human groups—primarily races, classes, and sexes—arise from inherited, inborn distinctions and that society, in this sense, is an accurate reflection of biology. It was published by a paleontologist and sold as a scientific journal arguing his point to be fact. It was received well by the public and earned many positive glowing reviews as well as many rewards from the literary and scientific communities.
Prompt Three: The author, Stephen Jay Gould, basically handed the American public a scientific reason to be complete and utter racists. He did not just tell them that he suspected the African-Americans to be of a lesser intelligence because they did not originated from America; he cited scientific evidence essentially calling them brothers to Great Apes. The Jim Crow Laws are fully centered around full segregation, making the white man obviously much more socially powerful than that of an African-American man; Gould’s “research” and citations in The Mismeasure of Man just handed the public a solid reason to want and force the strong Jim Crow Laws. Gould compared the African-Americans to animals, and the American public treated them as such with the Jim Crow Laws and social rejection within the society.
This chapter explores the constructed ways of “reading” texts (and customers) along with the verbal “performances” and other manipulations of self presentation that characterize interactive service work. Mirabelli hopes this essay will contribute to the development of understandings and policies that build more respect and recognition for service work to help ensure it does not become equated with servitude.
More than just a factual, or literal interpretation of the words on the page, it requires knowledge of specific practices – such as methods of food preparation – that take place in a particular restaurant.
The position of authority is further shifted toward the servers in fine dining restaurants by the common practice of printing menus in foreign languages, such as French, because it shifts the responsibility of food ordering from the customer, who will often will not understand the language, to the waiter.
Class Notes – In General/Over Lecture
Marbelli’s side is people look down on and talk to service industry people in a way that would never be socially acceptable in any other context.
Marbelli’s purpose: serving is more than just serving
Qualities: verbal cues, non-verbal cues, have to be able to be dealt with appropriately
Service workers ARE NOT servants
More than just literal; what pairs with what, the process to cook the food, and the ingredients of the food itself
Service work is categorized as work for low intelligence peoples; even though it is anything but that
More friendly=higher tips –> fine dining service industry
Marbelli’s Triangle
Marbelli Triangle
What is the gap? I think the gap is just simply looking us dead in the face; I think Marbelli sees the gap that people are failing to consider is that you need multi-literacies in order to actively participate in socialization. You need to be well read and actively participate in other communities in order to be able to function as a decent person in society. Fluency in multiple literacies is like being fluent in another language, it is almost necessary to living in today’s society.
Readers: people not in the service industry
The Gap? – Class Discussion:
People lack the concept that not everything wrong in their little worlds are our faults as part of the service industry.
Identifying literacies; non-textual
Marbelli is identifying that there are several literacies that are missing in these interactions with the service industry and the public.
Mary's Blog 